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Heru Over the Nile

History

This should really be called "ourstory." We know all about his story--even the parts we weren't supposed to know. It's our story we are interested in here.

Any description of the history of ancient Kemet is a description of the history of the world. Our brothers and sisters of the Nile go waaaaay back. History is a relative term. Since people around the world were at various stages of development at any given point in time what is prehistory for one group is only ancient times for another. Even if you're not a history buff you may find the following brief history of Kemet quite interesting.

Way in the Day

Geological evidence indicates that early humans were in Egypt 700,000 years ago. To date, the oldest tools found in the lower Nile Valley have been found in and near the cliffs of Abu Simbel, just across the river from where, millennia later, the descendants of these people would build the temple of Rameses II.

"Slightly" later, dating to approximately 500,000 years ago, are various finds of stone tools, including the stone axes that the Lower Paleolithic is noted for. Gertrude Caton-Thompson and Elinor Gardner report industry in the Achulean Period (c. 250,000 - 90,000 BC) of the Lower and Middle Paleolithic.

Neanderthal One of the most important finds from the Achulean Period is known as Arkin 8, discovered by Polish archaeologist Waldemar Chmielewski near the the Nile Valley town of Wadi Halfa. Arkin 8, unlike many Paleolithic sites in Egypt, was not only remarkably well-preserved, but astonishingly rich. Arkin 8 boasts the earliest known house-like structures in Egypt and the Sudan, some of the oldest buildings in the world.

During the middle paleolithic period the Mousterian Pluvial 1 allowed human culture to flourish and spread throughout the regions of northern Africa. For roughly twenty thousand years (between 50,000-30,000 years ago) our still Neanderthal ancestors developed the Aterian and Khormusan Industries 2 which standardized the making of various tools that greatly increased the efficiency of their lives in many areas.

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The Mousterian Pluvial ended a few centuries before the beginning of the Upper paleolithic period causing the dispersed African population to move closer to the Nile to escape the encrouching desert conditions of the Sahara. Most of the known data about this period comes from the archelogical site Kom Ombo located on the east bank of the Nile in the southern area of Upper Egypt. Based on the artifacts they left behing the technological developments in Kemet were not parallel with those found in Europe. While the Kemetians seemed to be behing 3 the Europeans in the rather backward way they made burins 4 . However, the discovery of the Silsillian (c. 13,000 BC) Stone Tools effectively puts the early Kemetians back at the forefront of prehistoric technological development. Sisillian was a highly-developed microblade industry that included truncated blades, blades of unusual shapes made specifically for one task, and most significant of all, a wide variety of bladelets for mounting onto spears, darts, and arrows. There is almost no trace of earlier techniques such as Levalloisian, and Silsillian blades in some cases are thousands of years ahead of anything found in Europe from this period.

Sisillians ushered in the creation of microliths--small bladed used mostly as sickles which sets the date for dome primitive form of farming much earlier than was thought. The concentration of artifacts found in the small sites of the Halfan people gfives evidence that these early (18,000-15,000 BC) Kemetians were not wandering nomads but had sttled into more or less stable communities.

As additional evidence of the advanced nature of these prehistoric Kemetian cultures archeologist have found three Qadan cemeteries are: one at Tushka, and two at Jebel Sahaba, one on each side of the river. Along with these cemetaries is evidence of ritual burial.

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Probably due to climatic conditions for some reason the Kemetians abandoned farming and herding shortly ater they were developed and returned to a nomadic hunter-gatherer culture. Fatal wounds found in a strikenly large number of the bodies 5 in these cemetaries during the last 10,000 years of the paleolithic period suggests that these people were attacked en masse--possibly by invaders seeking to take over the regions of the Nile as the Sahara continued to succomb to aridity after the end of the Mousterian Pluvian. This is likely for throughout history scarcity haas prompted more aggressive peoples to attack andmassacre peoples who live in lands of comparative plenty.

Vase Around 6 or 7,000 BC while the rest of the world at large was still in the darkness of primitivism, the Predynastic Egyptians were already creating a world of beauty. The periods known as the Epipaleolithic and Predynastic saw the aKemetians replacing stone tools with metal ones, tanning, decorative pottery, jewelry, weaving, carpentry and a return to settlements with farmiing.

This is also when they developed their religious beliegs in life after death as evinnnnced by the placement of artifacts and food in tombs for the survival and comfort of the dead. Interestingly enough, the dead were buried in a fetal position facing West. I guess this was so that they could follow the sun (Heru) into the afterworld.

Predynasric Period

Previously archeologists believed that the transition between Predynastic and Dynastic was the result of a brutal series of revolutions and warfare resulting from the discovery of metallurgy and the new social structures such as cities, individual dwellings, and writing. Yet as more and more details of this period emerged, we see that it was nothing of the sort, but rather the slow process of technological evolution.

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The Predynastic period is comprised of three distinct staged of development.

Chalcolithic (5,500 BC)
AKA the "Primitive" Predynastic, marks the beginning of the true Predynastic cultures. For the most part the south, especially the Baldarian, practiced an agraian culture while the north depended heavily on hunting and fishing.
Amratian (4,500 BC)
This period is marked by true architecture, individual dwellings, towns and even "urban planning." The Kemetian artist also came into his own with beautiful geometric shapes in paintings and carvings and the well known dancing figurines of women with upraided arms.
Gerzean (4,000 BC)
Although the Amratian period is often designated Naqada I while the Gerzean period is often designated Naqada Ii these are two distinct cultures. During the Gerzean period the north begins to have a great ingluence on the south creating a mingling between the two. Gerzean artistry also evinces that they were familiar with subsesert animals such as the ostrich and the Ibexes which were not found in the Nile region. We also began to see the first depictions of mythological imagery 6 . Most of these mythological images are shown riding in boats and carrying standards very much like the standards later used to represent Kemetian provinces.
Ramses

Dynastic Period

Although this website has separate sections for the historical and theological aspects of ancient Kemet there reallywas no divide between the spiritual and mundane aspects of life for the Kemetians. The political, social and economic practices of the society were directly influenced by the spiritual understanding or how such practices should e carried out. Even buildings were built according to divine laws.

However, in this section we can look at some interesting facts about ancient Kemet.

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The earliest Kemetians formed an agricultural society around the then fertile Nile valley about five thousand years ago. Their civilization lasted for some three thousand years--longer than any other civilization known to man.

A Pharoah

Politcs

The word Pharaoh means "great house" and was used to refer to the ruler's palace until the New Kingdom when it it was used in refence to the ruler himself. The ruler was sometimes refered to as nefer netjer "good god" and sometimes as aa netjer "great god."

The rulers also had five royal titles one of which he received at birth the other four were bestwed upon him when he was crowned. The first two refered to him as the ruler of the two lands that were united" "the Sedge and the Bee" Nesw Bity and "He of the Two Ladies" Nebty . The other two, "Horus" Heru and "Golden Horus " Nebw , symbolize his identification with God. In fact. at his coronation the ruler wold re-enact the ascension of Heru to the throne after the death of his father Osiris.

In accordance with this close asociation with God the ruler had absolute life and death sovereignty over the people. As a lesser (mortal) little g god the pharoahs stood as mediators between God and men. As such their job was to enforce the divine order that preserved the universe.

People

Society

As you can see from the dynastic timeline the civilization of ancient Kemet began long before the Europeans came out of their caves and it lasted many thousands of years before the white man did come out of his cave and destroyed it. This civiliztion was not based in any respect on the ideals or worldviews of Europe or any other non-African society.

In general ancient Kemetian society was predicated upon its spiritual system. Spirituality was so much an integral part of every aspect of society that they did not even give it a name such as Christianity or Buddhism. Spirituality did not stand apart as a category of society separate from other categories such as religion, government, education etc.

In the Metu Neter Ra Un Nefer Amen describes how spirituality informed on Kemetic life

Order in the land was maintained by a system that effectively developed the moral faculties in people, and by only allowing such men and women who had developed their moral faculties to hold positions of government.
Compare this to western society where order js maintained by law makers, law enforcement officers and religious leaders who are no more morally and/or spiritually developed than those they are trying to control. Also compare this to western religions which teach that man is inherently evil and incapable of internal moral discipline and so such religions merely give people systems of fables to believe and contradictory moral doctrines to try to follow exoterically.

There are many aspects of Kemetian society that deserve exploration. However, for the purpose of this website we will focus on a few of the most fundamental aspcts.

  • Education
  • Family
  • Occupations
  • Rites of Passage

Dynastic Timeline

 There were 31 dynasties in ancient Kemet spanning from 2920-332 BC.

Early Dynastic Period

    Dynasty I
    3100-2890
    Rulers
    • Narmer 7 ,
    • Aha
    • Djer
    • Djet
    • Den
    • Anendjib
    • Semerkhet
    • Qa'a

    Major Accomplishments
    • A unified Kemet--spanning 1,000 km between the Delta and the Aswan cataract
    • Military expeditions into western Asia and Sinai, as recorded on the Cairo fragment of the royal annals, depicts what was called "The Year of Smiting the Land of the Stjt 8 ."
    Dynasty II
    2890-2686
    Rulers
    • Hetepsekhemwy (Hotepsekhemwy), Reneb (Nebra)
    • Ninetjer (Nynetjer),
    • Peribsen (Seth-Peribsen),
    • Khasekhemwy

    Major Accomplishments

Old Kingdom

    Dynasty III
    2686 - 2575
    Rulers
    • Sanakhte (Nebka?) 2686 - 2668
    • Djoser (Netcherihke) 2668 - 2649
    • Sekh emkhet 2649 - 2643
    • Khaba 2643 - 2637
    • Huni 2637 - 2613

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty IV
    2613-2498
    Rulers
    • Sneferu 2613 - 2589
    • Khufu 2589 - 2566
    • Radjedef (Djedefre) 2566 - 2558
    • Khafre (Ra'kha'ef) 2558 - 2532
    • Menkaure 2532 - 2504
    • Shepseskaf 2504 - 2500

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty V
    2465-2323
    Rulers
    • Userkef 2498 - 2491
    • Sahure 2491 - 2477
    • Neferirkare Kakai 2477 - 2467
    • Shepseskare Ini 2467 - 2460
    • Raneferef 2460 - 2453
    • Neuserre Izi 2453 - 2422
    • Menkauhor 2422 - 2414
    • Djedkare Isesi 2414 - 2375
    • Unas (Wenis) 2375 - 2345
    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty VI
    2345-2181
    Rulers
    • Teti 2345 - 2333
    • Pepi I 2332 - 2283
    • Merenre 2283 - 2278
    • Pepi II 2278 - 2184

    Major Accomplishments

First Intermediate Period

The three intermediate periods are times of tremendous governmental instability marked by short. overlapping reigns and disunity.
    Dynasties VII and Viii
    2150-2135
    Rulers
    • Netrikare
    • Menkare
    • Neferkare II
    • Neferkare III
    • Djedkare II
    • Neferkare IV
    • Merenhor
    • Menkamin I
    • Nikare
    • Neferkare V
    • Neferkahor
    • Neferkare VI
    • Neferkamin II
    • Ibi I
    • Neferkaure
    • Neferkauhor
    • Neferirkare II

    Major Accomplishments
    Pharaohs About Whom Little Is known
    • Wadjkare
    • Sekhemkare
    • Iti
    • Imhotep
    • Isu
    • Iytenu
    Dynasties IX and X
    2135-1986
    Rulers
    • Neferkare
    • several kings named Kheti
    • Meri-Hathor (?)
    • Merikare

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XI
    2134-2060
    Rulers
    • Inyotef I (Sehertawy) 2134 - 2117
    • Inyotef II (Wahankh) 2117-2069
    • Inyotef III (Nakhtnebtepnefer) 2069 - 2060

    Major Accomplishments

Middle Kingdom

    Dynasty XI
    2134-1991
    Rulers
    • Mentuhotep I 2060 - 2010
    • Mentuhotep II 2010 - 1998
    • Mentuhotep III 1997 - 1991

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XII
    1991-1782
    Rulers
    • Amenemhet I 1991 - 1962
    • Senusret I 1971 - 1926
    • Amenemhet II 1929 - 1895
    • Senusret II 1897 - 1878
    • Senusret III 1878 - 1841
    • Amenemhet III 1842 - 1797
    • Amenemhet IV 1798 - 1786
    • Queen Sobeknefru 1785 - 1782

    Major Accomplishments

Second Intermediate Period

The Hyksos invade and conquer. Eventually the Theban princes regain power. Kamose defeats the Hyksos.
    Dynasty XIII
    1783-?
    Rulers
    • Wegaf 1783-1779
    • Amenemhat-senebef
    • Sekhemre-khutawi
    • Amenemhat V
    • Sehetepibre I
    • Iufni
    • Amenemhat VI
    • Semenkare
    • Sehetepibre II
    • Sewadjkare
    • Nedjemibre
    • Sobekhotep I
    • Reniseneb
    • Hor I
    • Amenemhat VII
    • Sobekhotep II
    • Khendjer
    • Imira-mesha
    • Antef IV
    • Seth
    • Sobekhotep III
    • Neferhotep I 1696 - 1686
    • Sihathor 1685 - 1685
    • Sobekhotep IV 1685 - 1678
    • Sobekhotep V 1678 - 1674
    • Iaib 1674 - 1664
    • Ay 1664 - 1641
    • Ini I
    • Sewadjtu
    • Ined
    • Hori
    • Sobekhotep VI
    • Dedumes I
    • Ibi II
    • Hor II
    • Senebmiu
    • Sekhanre I
    • Merkheperre
    • Merikare

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XIV
    ?-?
    Rulers
    • Nehesi
    • Khatire
    • Nebfaure
    • Sehabre
    • Meridjefare
    • Sewadjkare
    • Heribre
    • Sankhibre
    • Kanefertemre
    • Neferibre
    • Ankhkare, ...

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XV
    ?-?
    Rulers
    • Salitis
    • Bnon
    • Apachnan (Khian)
    • Apophis (Auserre Apepi)
    • Khamudi

    Major Accomplishments
    Akhenaten Dynasty XVI
    ?-?
    Rulers
    • Anat-Her
    • User-anat
    • Semqen
    • Zaket
    • Wasa
    • Qar
    • Pepi III
    • Bebankh
    • Nebmaatre
    • Nikare II
    • Aahotepre
    • Aaneterire
    • Nubankhre
    • Nubuserre
    • Khauserre
    • Khamure
    • Jacob-Baal
    • Yakbam
    • Yoam
    • Amu, ...

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XVII
    ?-?
    Rulers
    • Antef V
    • Rahotep
    • Sobekemzaf I
    • Djehuti
    • Mentuhotep VII
    • Nebirau I
    • Nebirau II
    • Semenenre
    • Suserenre
    • Sobekemzaf II
    • Antef VI
    • Antef VII
    • Tao I (Senakhtenre)
    • Tao II (Sekenenre)
    • Kamose (Wadjkheperre)

    Major Accomplishments

New Kingdom

    Dynasty XVIII
    1570-1293
    Rulers
    • Ahmose I 1570 - 1546
    • Amenhotep I 1551 - 1524
    • Tuthmosis I 1524 - 1518
    • Tuthmosis II 1528 - 1504
    • Tuthmosis III 1504 - 1450
    • Queen Hatshepsut 1498 - 1483
    • Amenhotep II 1453 - 1419
    • Tuthmosis IV 1419 - 1386
    • Amenhotep III 1386 - 1349
    • Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) 1350 - 1334
    • Smenkhkare 1336 - 1334
    • Tutankhamun 1334 - 1325
    • Ay 1325 - 1321
    • Horemheb 1321 - 1293

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XIX
    1293-1185
    Rulers
    • Ramesses I 1291 - 1291
    • Seti I 1291 - 1278
    • Ramesses II 1279 - 1212
    • Merneptah 1212 - 1202
    • Amenmesses 1202 - 1199
    • Seti II 1199 - 1193
    • Siptah 1193 - 1187
    • Queen Twosret 1187 - 1185

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XX
    1185-1070
    Rulers
    • Setnakhte 1185 - 1182
    • Ramesses III 1182 - 1151
    • Ramesses IV 1151 - 1145
    • Ramesses V 1145 - 1141
    • Ramesses VI 1141 - 1133
    • Ramesses VII 1133 - 1126
    • Ramesses VIII 1133 - 1126
    • Ramesses IX 1126 - 1108
    • Ramesses X 1108 - 1098
    • Ramesses IV 1098 - 1070

    Major Accomplishments

Third Intermediate Period

The capital is moved from one city to another several times during this particularly turbulant period
    Dynasty XXI - Split Kingdom
    1080-945
    Rulers
    Northern Kings Southern Rulers at Thebes
  • Smedes 1070-1044
  • Herihor 1080-1074
  • Amenemnisu 1040
  • Piankh 1074-1070
  • Psusennes I 1040-992
  • Pinedjem I 1070-1032
  • Amenope 993-984
  • Masaherta 1054-1046
  • Osochor 984-978
  • Menkheperre 1045-992
  • Siamun 978-959
  • Smendes II 992-990
  • Psusennes II 959-945
  • Pinedjem II 990-969
  • Psusennes III 969-945

    • Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XXII
    945-712
    Rulers
    • Shoshenq I 945-924
    • Osorkon I 924-909
    • Takelot 909--?
    • Shoshenq II ?--883
    • Osorkon II 883-855
    • Takelot II 860-835
    • Shoshenq III 835-783
    • Pami 783-773
    • Shoshenq IV 773-735
    • Osorkon IV 735-712

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XXIII
    828--725
    Rulers
    • Pedubaste I 828-803
    • Osorkon IV 777-749
    • Peftjauwybast 740-725

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XXIV
    725-715
    Rulers
    • Shepsesre Tefnakht I 725-720
    • Wahkare Bakenranef 720-715

    Major Accomplishments

Late Period

    Dynasty XXV
    747-657
    Rulers
    • Piye 747-716 BC
    • Shebaka 712-698
    • Shebitku 698-690
    • Taharqa 690-664
    • Tantamani 664-657

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XXVI
    664-525
    Rulers
    • Psammetichus I (Psam-tik) 664-610
    • Nekau (Necho) II 610-595
    • Psammetichus II 595-589
    • Apries 589-570
    • Amasis 570-526
    • Psammetichus III 526-525

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XXVII
    525-404
    Rulers
    • Cambyses 525-522
    • Darius I 521-486
    • Xerxes I 486-466
    • Artaxerxes I 465-424
    • Darius II 424-404

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XXVIII
    404-399
    Rulers
    • Amyrtaios 404-399

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XXIX
    399-380
    Rulers
    • Nepherites I 399-393
    • Psammuthis 393
    • Hakoris 393-380
    • Nepherites II 380

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XXX
    380-343
    Rulers
    • Nectanebo I 380-362
    • Teos 365-360
    • Nectanebo II 360-343

    Major Accomplishments
    Dynasty XXXI - Second Persian Period
    343-332
    Rulers
    • Ochus (Artaxerxes III) 343-338
    • Arses 338-336
    • Darius III Codomannus 335-332

    Major Accomplishments

Foreign Invaders

 From this period to the present time Kemet has been under the rule of foreign invaders. As European, Mediteranian and Middle Eastern empires expandad southwards they subjugated the Land of the Blacks. One should make no mistake about who built the original civilizations. Even as whites have ridiculed African -American culture then copied that very culture as if they had created it so they have done the same with Kemetian culture. Below are the names of those who have usurped our heritage.

Macedonian Kings - Alexandria

332-304
  • Alexander the Great 332-323
  • Philip Arrhidaeus 323-316
  • Alexander IV 316-304

Ptolemaic Dynasty

323-40 BC
  • Ptolemy I Soter I 323-285
  • Ptolemy II Philadelphus 282-246
  • Ptolemy III Euergeter I 246-222
  • Ptolemy IV Philopator 222-205
  • Ptolemy V Epiphanes 205-180
  • Ptolemy VI Philometor 180-164 163-145
  • Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 145
  • Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II 170-163 & 145-116
  • Cleopatra III & Ptolemy IX Soter II 116-107 & 88-80
  • Cleopatra III & Ptolemy X Alexander I 107-88
  • Cleopatra Berenice 81-80
  • Ptolemy XI Alexander II 80
  • Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 80-58 & 55-51
  • Berenice IV 58-55
  • Cleopatra VII & Ptolemy XIII 51-47
  • Cleopatra & Ptolemy XIV 47-44
  • Cleopatra VII & Ptolemy XV Cesarion 44-30 BC

Roman Emperors

30 BC-324 AD
  • Augustus 30 B.C. - 14 A.D.
  • Tiberius 14-37
  • Gaius Caligula 37-41
  • Claudius 41-54
  • Nero 54-68
  • Galba 68-69
  • Otho 69
  • Vitellius 69
  • Vespasianus 69-79
  • Titus 79-81
  • Domitianus (Domitian) 81-96
  • Nerva 96-98
  • Trajanus (Trajan) 98-117
  • Hadrianus (Hadrian) 117-138
  • Antoninus Pius 138-161
  • Marcus Aurelius 161-180
  • Lucius Verrus
  • Commodus 180-192
  • Pertinax 193
  • Didius Julianus 193
  • Septimus Severus 193-211
  • Caracalla 211-217
  • Macrinus 217-218
  • Heliogabalus 218-222
  • Alexander Severus 222-235
  • Maximinus 235-238
  • Pupienus 238
  • Gordianus 238-244
  • Philippus 244-249
  • Decius 249-251
  • Gallus 251-253
  • Valerianus 253-260
  • Gallienus 260-268
  • Claudius II 268-270
  • Aurelianus 270-275
  • Tacitus 275-276
  • Florianus 276
  • Probus 276-282
  • Carus 282-283
  • Numerianus 283-284
  • Diocletian 284-305
  • Galerius 305-311
  • Licinius 308-324

Byzantine Christian Period

306-634
  • Constantine I 306-37
  • Constantius II 337-61
  • Julian 361-63
  • Jovian 363-64
  • Valens 364-78
  • Gratian 367-83
  • Valentinian 375-92
  • Theodosius I 379-95
  • Arcadius 395-408
  • Theodosius II 408-50
  • Marcian 450-57
  • Leo I 457-74
  • Zeno 474-91
  • Anastasius I 491-518
  • Justin I 518-27
  • Justinian I 527-65
  • Justin II 565-78
  • Tiberius II 578-82
  • Maurice 582-602
  • Phocas 602-10
  • Heraclius 610-619
  • Chosroes II (Persian) 619-629
  • Heraclius 629-34

Islamic Period

    Abbasid Rulers

    • Saleh Ibn Ali Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abbas Ibn Abdul Mottalib Ibn Hisham (750-750 AD)
    • Abu Awn Abdul Malik Ibn Yazid (751-753 AD)
    • Saleh Ibn Ali Ibn Abdullah ibn Abbas Ibn Abdul Motallib Ibn Hisham (753-755 AD)
    • Abu Awn Abdul Malik Ibn Yazid (755-758 AD)
    • Moussa Ibn Ka’b Ibn Oyayna Ibn Aisha Ibn Amro Ibn Serri Ibn Aeiza Ibn al-Harith Ibn Emro’a al-Quays (758- 759 AD)
    • Mohammed Ibn al-Aha’th al-Khoza’i (759-759 AD)
    • Hamid Ibn Quahtaba (760- 762 AD)
    • Yazid Ibn Hatim al-Mohalabi (762- 772 AD)
    • Mohammed Ibn Abdul Rahman Ibn Muawya Ibn Hodeig (772 - 772 AD)
    • Moussa Ibn Ollai Ibn Rabah al-lakhmi (772- 778 AD)
    • Eissa Ibn Loquman al-Gomahi (778- 779 AD)
    • Wadih, Mawla of Abu Ga’far (779- 779 AD)
    • Mansour Ibn Yazid Ibn Mansour al-Re’ini (779- 779 AD)
    • Yahya Ibn Daoud al-horashi (Ibn Mamdoud) (779- 780 AD)
    • Salim Ibn Sawada al-Tamimi (780- 781 AD)
    • Ibrahin Ibn Saleh Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abbas (781- 784 AD)
    • Moussa Ibn Mous’ab al-Khath’ami (784-785 AD)
    • Asama Ibn Amro al-Ma’fri (785-785 AD)
    • Al-Fadl Ibn Saleh Ibn Ali al-Abbassi (785-785 AD)
    • Ali Ibn Salman al-Abbassi (786- 787 AD)
    • Moussa Ibn Eissa Ibn Moussa al-Abbassi (787-789 AD)
    • Muslima Ibn Yahia al-Bagli (789- 790 AD)
    • Mohammed Ibn Zoheir al-Azdi (790-790 AD)
    • Daoud Ibn Yazid al-Mouhallabi (790-791 AD)
    • Moussa Ibn Eissa Ibn Moussa al-Abbassi (791-792 AD)
    • Ibrahim Ibn Saleh Ibn Abdullah al-Abbassi (792-792 AD)
    • Abdullah Ibn al-Mousayyeb Ibn Zoheir al-Dabbi (792-793 AD)
    • Ishak Ibn Soliman (793-794 AD)
    • Harmatha Ibn A’youn (794-795 AD)
    • Abdullah Ibn al-Mosayyeb al-Abbassi (795 795 AD)
    • Abdullah Ibn al-Mahdi al-Abbassi (795-795 AD)
    • Moussa Ibn Eissa Ibn Moussa al-Abbassi (796-797 AD)
    • Oubeidullah Ibn al-Mahdi al-Abbassi (796-797 AD)
    • Ismail Ibn Saleh al-Abbassi (797-798 AD)
    • Ismail Ibn Eaissa al-Abbassi (789-798 AD)
    • Al-Layth Ibn al-Fadl (798-803 AD)
    • Ahmed Ibn Ismail Ibn Ali Ibn Abdullah al-Abbassi (803-805 AD)
    • Abdullah Ibn Mohammed al-Abbassi (Ibn Zeinab) (805-806 AD)
    • Al-Hussein Ibn Gamil (806-808 AD)
    • Malik Ibn Dalhem al-Kalbi (808-808 AD)
    • Al-Hassan Ibn al-Takhtakh (809-809 AD)
    • Hatim Ibn Harthama Ibn A’youn (810-811 AD)
    • Gaber Ibn Asha’th al-Ta’i (811-812 AD)
    • Abbad Ibn Mohammed Ibn Hayyan (812-813 AD)
    • Al-Mottab Ibn Abdullal al-Khoza’I, Rabei Awwal (813-814 AD)
    • Al-Abbass Ibn Moussa Ibn Eissa al-Abbassi (814-814 AD)
    • Al-Mottalib Ibn Abdullah al-Khoza’i (814-815 AD)
    • Al-Serri Ibn al-Hakam (815-816 AD)
    • Soliman Ibn Ghalib Ibn Gebril al-Bagli (816-817 AD)
    • Al-Serri Ibn al-Hakam (817-820 AD)
    • Abu al-Nassr Ibn al-Serri, Gomadi al-Akhera (820-822 AD)
    • Obeidullah Ibn al-Serri (822-822 AD)
    • Khalid Ibn Yazid Ibn Mazid al-Shibany (822-826 AD)
    • Abdullah Ibn Tahir Ibn al-Hussein (826-827 AD)
    • Eissan Ibn Yazid al-Gloudi (829-829 AD)
    • Omair Ibn al-Walid (829-829 AD)
    • Eissa Ibn Yazid al-Gloudi (829-830 AD)
    • Abd Waih Ibn Gabla (830-831 AD)
    • Caliph al-Ma’moun (831-832 AD)
    • Quaidar Nassr Ibn Abdullah (832-834 AD)
    • Mozzaffar Ibn Quaidar (834-834 AD)
    • Moussa Ibn Abi al-Abbass (834-839 AD)
    • Malik Ibn Quaidar (839-841 AD)
    • Ali Ibn Yahia al-Armani (841-843 AD)
    • Eissa Ibn al-Mansour (843- 847 AD)
    • Harthama Ibn al-Nadr al-Gabali (848- 849 AD)
    • Hatim Ibn Harthama Ibn al-Nadr (849-849 AD)
    • Ali Ibn Yahia al-Armani (849-850 AD)
    • Isshac Ibn Yahia Ibn Mo'az, (850-850 AD)
    • Khout Abdul Wahid Ibn Yahia (851-851 AD)
    • Anbassa Ibnn Isshac al-Dabbi (852-856 AD)

    Non-Abbasid Rulers

    • Yazid Ibn Abdullah al-Tourki (856-867 AD)
    • Mozahim Ibn Khaqan (867- 868 AD)
    • Ahmed Ibn Mozahim Ibn Khaqan (868-868 AD)
    • Azgour al-Torki (868-868 AD)

    Tulunids

    • Ahmad B. Tulan (Ibn Tulan)(868-884 AD)
    • Khumarawayh B. Ahmad (884-896 AD)
    • Abu al-Assaker Gaysh Ibn Khmaraweih Ahmed Ibn Tulan (896-896 AD)
    • Haroun Ibn Khmaraweih Ibn Ahmed Ibn Tulan (896-904 AD)
    • Sheiban Ahmed Ibn Tulan (Abu al-Manaquib) (904-904 AD)

    2nd Abbasid Rulers

    • Eissa al-Noushari (905-910 AD)
    • Abu Mansour Tekin (910-915 AD)
    • Zaka Al-A'war (915-919 AD)
    • Abu Mansour Tekin (920-921 AD)
    • Hilal Ibn Badr (921- 923 AD)
    • Ahmed Ibn Keghlegh (923-924 AD)
    • Abu al-Mansour Tekin (924-933 AD)

    Fatimid Rulers

    • Gawhar El-Sakali (969-973AD)
    • Al-Mezz Leideinallah (973-975AD)
    • Al-Aziz Leideinallah (975-996AD)
    • Al-Hakim Biamrallah (997-1020AD)
    • Al-Zahir Lazazdinallah ( 1020-1094AD)
    • Al-Mustansir Biallah ( 1035-1094AD)
    • Al-Mustali Biallah (1094-1101AD)
    • Al-Amir Biahkamallah (1101-1130AD)
    • Al-Hafiz Ledeinallah (1130-1149AD)
    • Al-Zafir Biamrallah (1149-1154AD)
    • Al-Faiz Binasrallah (1154-1160AD)
    • Al-Adid Leideinallah (1160-1171AD)

    Ayubbide rulers

    • Saladin (Salah al-Din Yusuf Ibn Ayyub) (1174-1192AD)
    • Aziz Emad Eddin (1192-1198AD)
    • Mansour Nasser Eddin (1198-1200AD)
    • Adel Seif Eddin (1200-1218AD)
    • Kamil Nasser Eddin (1218-1238AD)
    • Seif Eddin Abu Bakr (1238-1240AD)
    • Salih Nigm Eddin (1240-1249AD)
    • Turanshah (1250AD)
    • Queen Shajarat El-Dur (1250AD)

    Bahari Mamlukes

    • Sultan Ezz Eddin Aybak (1250-1257)
    • Sultan Nur Eddin ben Aybak (1257-1259)
    • Sultan Muzafar Seif Eddin Qutuz (1259-1260)
    • Sultan Zahir Rukn Eddin Baybars (1260-1277)
    • Sultan Said Nasser Eddin Baraka (1277-1279)
    • Sultan Adel Badr Eddin Salamish (1279)
    • Sultan Mansour Seif Eddin Qalawoon (1279-1290)
    • Sultan Ashraf Salah Eddin Khalil (1290-1293)
    • Sultan Nasser Mohamed Ben Qalawoon (first time) (1293-1294)
    • Sultan Adel Zeen Eddin Katubgha (1294-1296)
    • Sultan Mansour Hossam Eddin Lagin (1296-1298)
    • Sultan Nasser Mohamed Ben Qalawoon (second time) (1298-1309)
    • Sultan Muzafar Rukn Eddin Bybars (1309)
    • Sultan Nasser Mohamed Ben Qalawoon (third time) (1309-1340)
    • Sultan Mansour Seif Eddin Ben Mohamed (1340-1341)
    • Sultan Ashraf Alladin Ben Mohamed (1341-1342)
    • Sultan Nasser Shahab El-Dein Ben Mohamed (1342)
    • Sultan Saleh Emad Eddin Ben Mohamed (1342-1345)
    • Sultan Kamil Seif Eddin Ben Mohamed (1345-1346)
    • Sultan Muzafar Zein Eddin Ben Mohamed (1346-1347)
    • Sultan Nasser Hassan Ben Mohamed (first time)(1347-1351)
    • Sultan Salah Eddin Saleh Ben Mohamed (1351-1354)
    • Sultan Nasser Hassan Ben Mohamed (second time) (1354-1361)
    • Sultan Salah Eddin Mohamed Ben Hagi (1361-1363)
    • Sultan Ashraf Zeen Eddin Ben Hassan (1363-1376)
    • Sultan Mansour Aladin Ben Shaban (1376-1381)
    • Sultan Salih Zeen Edin Hagi (1381-1382)

    Circassian (Burgi) Mamlukes

    • Sultan Zaher Barqooq (1382-1399)
    • Sultan Farag Ben Barqooq (first time) (1399-1405)
    • Sultan Abd El-Aziz Ben Barqooq (1405)
    • Sultan Farag Ben Barqooq (second time) (1405-1412)
    • Sultan Muyaid Sheikh (1412-1421)
    • Sultan Ahmed Ben Muyaid (1421)
    • Sultan Zaher Tatar (1421)
    • Sultan Nasser Mohamed Ben Tatar (1421)
    • Sultan Ashraf Barsbay (1422-1438)
    • Sultan Aziz Gamal Ben Barsabay (1438)
    • Sultan Zaher Gaqmaq (1438-1453)
    • Sultan Mansour Osman Ben Gaqmaq (1453)
    • Sultan Ashraf Inal (1453-1460)
    • Sultan Muayaid Ahmed Ben Inal (1460)
    • Sultan Zaher Khoshkadam (1461-1467)
    • Sultan Seif Eddin Yalbai (1467)
    • Sultan Zaher Tamarbagha (1467)
    • Sultan Khair Bey (1467)
    • Sultan Ashraf Qaitbay (1468-1496)
    • Sultan Ashraf Mohamed Ben Qaitbay (first time)(1496-1497)
    • Sultan Qansuh Khumsamaah (1497)
    • Sultan Ashraf Mohamed Ben Qaitbay (second time)(1497-1498)
    • Sultan Qansuh Ashrafi (1498-1500)
    • Sultan Ganblat (1500-1501)
    • Sultan Adel Tumanbay I (1501)
    • Sultan Ashraf Qansuh Ghori (1501-1516)
    • Sultan Tumanbay II (1517)

    Ottoman Rulers

    • Khayer Pasha (1517-22)
    • Moustafa Pasha (1522-23)
    • Kouzlagah Pasha (1523)
    • Ahmed Pasha (1523)
    • Ibrahim Pasha (1524)
    • Suliman Pasha (1524-34)
    • Khissru Pasha (1524-36)
    • Suliman Pasha (second time)(1536-38)
    • Daoud Pasha (1538-49)
    • Moustafa Pasha (1549)
    • Ali Pasha (1549-54)
    • Mohamed Pasha (1554-56)
    • Iskander Pasha (1556-59)
    • Ali Pasha (1559-1560)
    • Mustafa Pasha (1560-63)
    • Ali Pasha (1563-1566)
    • Mohamed Pasha (1566-67)
    • Sanan Pasha (first time)(1567-68)
    • Garkas Pasha (1568-71)
    • Sanan Pasha (second time)(1571-73)
    • Hussein Pasha (1573-74)
    • Massih Pasha (1575-80)
    • Hassan Pasha (1580-83)
    • Ibrahim Pasha (1583-85)
    • Sanan Pasha (1585-87)
    • Ouis Pasha (1587-91)
    • Hafiz Pasha (1591-95)
    • Mohamed Pasha (1595-96)
    • Mohamed Pasha El-Sharif (1596-98)
    • Khedr Pasha (1598-1601)
    • Ali Pasha (1601-3)
    • Ibrahim Pasha (1603-4)
    • Mohamed Pasha (1604-5)
    • Hassan Pasha (1605-7)
    • Mohamed Pasha Moamar (1607-11)
    • Mohamed Pasha Sadafi (1611-15)
    • Ahmed Pasha (1615-18)
    • Moustafa Pasha (1618-19)
    • Gaafar Pasha (1619)
    • Moustafa Pasha Hamidi (1619-20)
    • Hussein Pasha (1620-22)
    • Mohamed Pasha (1622)
    • Ibrahim Pasha (1622-23)
    • Moustafa Pasha Qurah (1623)
    • Ali Pasha (1623)
    • Moustafa Pasha (1624-25)
    • Bairam Pasha (1626-28)
    • Mohamed Pasha (1628-30)
    • Moussa Pasha (1630)
    • Khalil Pasha (1631-32)
    • Bekeirgi Pasha (1632-35)
    • Hussein Pasha (1635-37)
    • Mohamed Pasha Gawan (1637-40)
    • Moustafa Pasha (1640-42)
    • Mansour Pasha (1642-44)
    • Ayub Pasha (1644-46)
    • Haydar Pasha (1646-7)
    • Moustafa Pasha Sanari (1647)
    • Mohamed Pasha (1647-49)
    • Ahmed Pasha (1649-50)
    • Abd El-Rahman Pasha (1650-52)
    • Khasky Pasha (1652-56)
    • Moustafa Pasha (1656-57)
    • \Mohamed Pasha Zada (1657-60)
    • Moustafa Pasha (1660-61)
    • Ibrahim Pasha (1661-64)
    • Omar Pasha (1664-67)
    • Ibrahim Pasha Sufi (1667-68)
    • Qurah Qash Pasha (1668-69)
    • Katkhuda Pasha (1669-73)
    • Hussein Pasha (1673-75)
    • Ahmed Pasha (1675-76)
    • Abd El-Rahman Pasha (1676-80)
    • Osman Pasha (1680-83)
    • Hamza Pasha (1683-87)
    • Katkhuda Hassan Pasha (1687)
    • Hassan Pasha (1687-89)
    • Ahmed Pasha (1689-91)
    • Ali Pasha (1691-95)
    • Ismail Pasha (1695-97)
    • Hussein Pasha (1697-99)
    • Qurah Pasha (1699-1704)
    • Suliman Pasha (1704)
    • Mohamed Pasha (1704-06)
    • Muslim Pasha (1706-07)
    • Hassan Pasha (second time)(1707-09)
    • Ibrahim Pasha (1709-10)
    • Khalil Pasha (1710)
    • Wali Pasha (1711-14)
    • Eibedi Pasha (1714-16)
    • Ali Pasha (1716-20)
    • Ragab Pasha (1720-21)
    • Mohamed Pasha (1721-25)
    • Ali Pasha (1725)
    • Mohamed Pasha (second time)(1726-27)
    • Abu Bakr Pasha (1727-29)
    • Kaburli Pasha (1729-33)
    • Mohamed Pasha (1733)
    • Osman Pasha (1733-34)
    • Abu Bakr Pasha (second time)(1734-36)
    • Suliman Pasha (1739-40)
    • Ali Pasha (1740-41)
    • Yehia Pasha (1741-43)
    • Mohamed Pasha (1743-44)
    • Mohamed Ragheb Pasha (1744-48)
    • Ahmed Pasha (1748-1750)
    • Abdallah Pasha (1750-52)
    • Mohamed Amin Pasha (1752)
    • Moustafa Pasha (1752-55)
    • Ali Hakim Pasha (1755-57)
    • Mohamed Said Pasha (1757)
    • Moustafa Pasha (1757-60)
    • Ahmed Pasha (1760-61)
    • Bakir Pasha (1761-62)
    • Hassan Pasha (1762-65)
    • Hamza Pasha (1765-67)
    • Mohamed Raqim Pasha (1767-68)
    • Mohamed Orphalli (1768)
    • Mohamed Abu El-Dahab (1773)
    • Khalil Pasha (1774)
    • Moustafa Pasha (1774-75)
    • Ibrahim Pasha (1775-76)
    • Mohamed Ezzat Pasha (1776-78)
    • Ra’ef Pasha (1778-79)
    • Ibrahim Pasha (1779)
    • Ismail Pasha (1779-81)
    • |Mohamed Yakin Pasha (1781-82)
    • Sharif Pasha (1782-83)
    • Mohamed Salahdar (1783-84)
    • Sharif Mohamed Pasha (1784-86)
    • Ebeidi Pasha (1786-89)
    • Ismail Pasha Tunsi (1789-91)
    • Mohamed Pasha (1791-94)
    • Salih Pasha (1794-96)
    • Sayyid Pasha (1796)

French Occupation Period

Napolean Years

British Occupation Period

1883-1942

1 A long age of steady and seasonal rainfall. The Sahara Desert has been subject to a number of pluvial eras in its history, the last one ending around 30,000 to 40,000 years ago. The cycle of pluvials in various desert sites around the world have been positively linked to the cycle of ice ages.
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2 An archaeological and anthropological term meaning that a set method of making tools and other artifacts has been created and the artifacts are now mass-produced. It does not imply any kind of monetary or trade situation; merely that a certain group of people have begun to make things the same way.
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3 One has to say "seemed to be behind" because archeologists use the presence of burins here as evidence that this area is from the upper paleolithic period when in fact it may be from an earlier period in which case they would be predecessors not contemporaries of the European tools.
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4 small, stubby, pointed tools made of flakes and characterized by long, narrow flakes forming a point
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5 The tips of stone instruments where found in various places in their bodies--mostly the chest, some in the lower absomen and some in the sjull. Since bone tissue begins to heal very quickly and there is no sign of such healing in these bodies it is assomed that these peole died violently before the healing could began.
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6 These are personifications of divine principles commonly misconstrued as "gods." In truth the Kemetian recognized only one Supreme Being but like the Israelites would do later they gave that Being many different names according to His/Her attributes
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7 Some list Narmer as belonging to Dynasty 0 prior to unification. However he is the first Kemetian monarch depicted wearing both the white crown of Upper Kemet and the red crown of Lower Kemet.
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8 Stjt is thought to be a reference to Syria-Palestine
Go back to article Copyright 2006 by Rhonda Johnson. All rights reserved.